Abstract Chitosan is largely known for its activity against a wide range of microorganisms, in which the most acceptable antimicrobial mechanism is found to include the presence of charged groups in the polymer backbone and their ionic interactions with bacteria wall constituents. This interaction suggests the occurrence of a hydrolysis of the peptidoglycans in the microorganism wall, provoking the leakage of intracellular electrolytes, leading the microorganism to death. The charges present in chitosan chains are generated by protonation of amino groups when in acid medium or they may be introduced via structural modification. This latter can be achieved by a methylation reaction resulting in a quaternized derivative with a higher polymeric charge density. Since the charges in this derivative are permanents, it is expected a most efficient antimicrobial activity. Hence, in the present study, commercial chitosan underwent quaternization processes and both (mother polymer and derivative) were evaluated, in gel form, against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative), as model bacteria. The results, as acquired from turbidity measurements, differ between materials with an expressive reduction on the Gram-positive microorganism (S. aureus) growth, while E. coli (Gram-negative) strain was less sensitive to both polymers. Additionally, the antibacterial effectiveness of chitosan was strongly dependent on the concentration, what is discussed in terms of spatial polymer conformation.

Cores estruturais são aquelas geradas como resultado da interferência construtiva da difração em uma grade ou em estruturas com certa ordenação nanométrica. A cor estrutural difere da cor química (encontrada na maioria dos seres vivos) pela ausência de pigmentos, sendo resultado apenas de efeitos óticos superficiais. As asas das borboletas são os melhores exemplos de geradoras de cores estruturais e com o advento da microscopia, o detalhamento dessas estruturas permitiu elevar o conhecimento do fenômeno assim como com o recentemente avanço da nanotecnologia, as primeiras reproduções artificiais dessas estruturas foram obtidas com potenciais aplicações em diversos campos. Neste artigo apresentamos as principais diferenças entre uma cor química e uma estrutural, do ponto de vista físico, com um formalismo bastante simples mostrando que conceitos óticos básicos podem explicar, ainda que de forma simplificada, a geração de cor estrutural.

Structural colors are those generated as a result of constructive interference from a diffraction grade or from nanometric ordered structures. The structural color differs from chemical color (found in the majority of living beings) by having no pigments or colorants, but as a result of optical surface effects. The butterfly wings are the best examples of structural color's generator and, with microscopic observations, details of these structures were described and the knowledge of this phenomenon increased. With the advances of the nanotechnology, the first ones artificial replications of these structures were attained with potential application in several technological fields. In this paper the main differences between chemical and structural color, from the physical point of view, are presented by using a quite simple formalism, though sufficient enough to explain the main optical concepts involved in the structural color generation.

The lysozyme enzyme was immobilized on vitreous surface (fragments with diameters of 0.3 and 1.0 mm) for remediation of the microorganism Escherichia coli JM 109 into fresh water and saline solutions with 0.9% NaCl (w/v). Characterization of enzymatic film was carried out by infrared spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy techniques. Bactericide activity of the enzyme was evaluated by spectrophotometric analysis. It was verified that the enzymatic film was strongly coupled with the vitreous surface. The topographic analysis demonstrated that the deposited film was uniform and homogeneous. It was observed bactericide activity of film deposited on vitreous surface with 0.3 mm in fresh and saline solutions. This fact was not verified to vitreous fragments with 1.0 mm of diameter

Films of chitosan and N,N,N-trimethylchitosan were cast from aqueous solutions. Chitosan was dissolved in 1% acetic acid while deionized water was the solvent for N,N,N-trimethylchitosan chloride. The resulting films presented different mechanical behaviors as evaluated by DMTA. The film of chitosan exhibited an elastic-type behavior while that of N,N,N-trimethylchitosan was typically viscous. No glass transition temperatures were observed; however, a discrete thermal transition was detected at 25 °C in the case of the N,N,N-trimethylchitosan.